When Was Do It free essay sample

Is an admired aesthetic of attitude, behavior, comportment, appearance and style, influenced by and a product of the Zeitgeist. Because of the varied and changing connotations of cool, as well its subjective nature, the word has no single meaning. It has associations of composure and self-control (CB. The Definition) and often Is used as an expression of admiration or approval. Although commonly regarded as slang, it is widely used among disparate social groups, and has endured in usage for generations. There is no single concept of cool. One of the essential heartsickness of cool is its mutability-?what is considered cool changes over time and varies among cultures and generations. [l] Nick Southeast writes that, although some notions of cool can be traced back to Aristotle, whose notion of cool Is to be found in his ethical writings, most particularly the Mechanical it is not confined to one particular ethnic group or gender. We will write a custom essay sample on When Was Do It or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although there is no single concept of cool, its definitions fall into a few broad categories.Cool as a behavioral characteristic The sum and substance of cool is a self-conscious aplomb in overall behavior, which entails a set of specific behavioralcharacteristics that is firmly anchored in cosmology, a set of discernible bodily movements, postures, facial expressions and voluptuousness that are acquired and take on strategic social value within the peer context. [3] Cool was once an attitude fostered by rebels and underdogs, such as slaves, prisoners, bikers and political dissidents, etc. For whom open rebellion invited punishment, so it hid defiance behind a wall of ironic detachment, distancing Itself from the source of authority rather than directly confronting let. [4] cool as a state of being Cool has been used to describe a general state of well-being, a transcendent, internal peace and serenity. [5] It can also refer to an absence of conflict, a state of harmony and balance as in, The land Is cool, or as In a cool [spiritual] heart. Such meanings, according to Thompson, are African In origin.Cool Is related In this sense to both social control and transcendental balance. [5] Cool can similarly be used to describe composure and absence of excitement in a person-?especially in times of stress-?as expressed in the idiom to keep your cool. In a related way, the word can be seed to express agreement or assent. As In the phrase Im cool with that. Cool as aesthetic appeal Cool is also an attitude widely adopted by artists and intellectuals, who thereby aided its infiltration into popular culture.Sought by product marketing firms, idealized by teenagers, a shield against racial oppression or political persecution and source of constant cultural innovation, cool has become a global phenomenon that has spread to every corner of the earth. [2] According to Dick Fountain and David Robins, concepts of cool have existed for centuries in several cultures. [l] Cool as an epithet While slang terms are usually short-lived coinages and figures of speech, cool Is an especially ubiquitous slang word, most notably among young people.As well as being understood throughout the English-speaking world, the word has even entered the general positive epithet or interjection, which can have a range of related adjectival meanings. Regions Africa and the African Diaspora Your bronze head sculpture from the city of Fife, Nigeria c. 12th century A. D Author Robert Affair Thompson, professor of art history at Yale University, suggests that tutu, which he translates as mystic coolness,'[6] is one of three pillars of a elisions philosophy created in the 1 5th century[7] by Your and Gobo civilizations of West Africa.Cool, or tutu, contained meanings of conciliation and gentleness of character, of generosity and grace, and the ability to defuse fights and disputes. It also was associated with physical beauty. In Your culture, tutu is connected to water, because to the Your the concept of coolness retained its physical connotation of temperature. [8] He cites a definition of cool from the Goal people flabbier, who define it as the ability to be mentally calm or detached, in an other- orally fashion, from ones circumstances, to be nonchalant in situations where emotionalism or eagerness would be natural and expected. [5] Joseph M.Murphy writes that cool is also closely associated with the deity Sun of the Your religion. [9] Although Thompson acknowledges similarities between African and European cool in shared notions of self-control and imperturbability,[8] he finds the cultural value of cool in Africa which influenced the African Diaspora to be different from that held by Europeans, who use the term primarily as the ability to remain calm under stress. According to Thompson, there is significant weight, meaning and spirituality attached to cool in traditional African cultures, something which, Thompson argues, is absent from the idea in a Western context. Control, stability, and composure under the African rubric of the cool seem to constitute elements of an all-embracing aesthetic attitude. African cool, writes Thompson, is more complicated and more variously expressed than Western notions of sang- frond (literally, cold blood), cooling off, or even icy determination. (Thompson, African Arts) The telling point is that the mask of lowness is worn not only in time of stress, but also of pleasure , in fields of expressive performance and the dance.Struck by the re-occurrence of this vital notion elsewhere in tropical Africa and in the Black Americas, I have come to term the attitude an aesthetic of the cool in the sense of a deeply and completely motivated, consciously artistic, interweaving of elements serious and pleasurable, of responsibility and play. [10] African Americans Ronald Perry writes that many words and expressions have passed from African American Vernacular English into Standard English slang including the contemporary meaning of the word cool. [11] The definition, as something fashionable, is said to have been popularized in Jazz circles by tenor saxophonist Lester Young. [12] This predominantly black Jazz scene in the U. S. And among expatriate musicians unpartisan helped popularize notions of cool in the U. S. In the sass, giving birth to Bohemian, or beatnik, culture. [2] Shortly thereafter, a style of Jazz called cool jazz appeared on the music scene, emphasizing a restrained, laid-back solo style. And self-possession, of an absence of conflict are commonly understood in both African and African American contexts well.Expressions such as, Dont let it blow your cool, later, chill out, and the use of chill as a characterization of inner contentment or restful repose all have their origins infract American Vernacular English. [14] When the air in the smoke-filled nightclubs of that era became unbeatable, windows and doors were opened to allow some cool air in from the outside to help clear away the suffocating air. By analogy, the slow and smooth Jazz style that was typical for that late-night scene came to be called 5] Marlene Kim Connors connects cool and the post-war African-American experience in her kook What is Cool? Understanding Black Manhood in America. Connors writes that cool is the silent and knowing rejection of racist oppression, a self-dignified expression of masculinity developed by black men denied mainstream expressions of manhood. She writes that mainstream per ception of cool is narrow and distorted, with cool often perceived merely as style or arrogance, rather than a way to achieve respect. [16] Designer Christian Laconic has said that . .. The history of cool in America is the history of African-American culture . 17] Cool pose Malcolm X embodied essential elements of cool . [18] Cool, though an amorphous quality-?more mystique than material-?is a pervasive element in urban black male culture. [18] Majors and Billion address what they term cool pose in their study and argue that it helps Black men counter stress caused by social oppression, rejection and racism. They also contend that it furnishes the black male with a sense of control, strength, confidence and stability and helps him deal with the closed doors and negative messages of the generalized other. They also believe that attaining black manhood is filled with pitfalls of discrimination, negative self-image, guilt, shame and fear. 19] Cool pose may be a factor in discrimination in education contributing to the achievement gaps in test scores. In a 2004 study, researchers found that teachers perceived students with African American culture- related movement styles, referred to as the cool pose, as lower in achievement, higher in aggression, and more likely to need special education services than students with standard movement styles, irrespective of race or other academic indicators. 20] The issue of stereotyping and discrimination with respect to cool pose raises complex questions of assimilation and accommodation of different ultra values. Jason W. Osborne identifies cool pose as one of the factors in black underachievement. [21] Robin D. G. Kelley criticizes calls for assimilation and sublimation of black culture, including cool pose. He argues that media and academics have unfairly demonic these aspects of black culture while, at the same time, through their sustained fascination with blacks as exotic others, appropriated aspects of cool pose into the broader popular culture. 22] George Elliott Clarke writes that Malcolm X, like Miles Davis, embodies essential elements of cool. As n icon, Malcolm X inspires a complex mixture of both fear and fascination in broader American culture, much like cool pose itself. [18] East Asia Main article: Cool Japan In Japan, synonyms of cool could be Ski and SSI. These are traditional commoners aesthetics of Japan to samurai, but this is historically inaccurate. In fact, samurai from the countryside have often been the target of ridicule by the commoner in the civilized Eddo in many art forms including Aragua, a form of comical story telling.Some argue that the ethic of the Samurai caste in Japan, warrior castes in India and East Asia all resemble cool. [l] The samurai-themed works of film director Kara Sarasota are among the most praised of the genre, influencing many filmmakers across the world with his techniques and storytelling. Notable works of his include The Seven Samurai, Yogi, and The Hidden Fortress. The latter was one of the primary inspirations for George Lacunas Star Wars, which also borrows a number of aspects from the samurai, for example the Jed Knights of the series.Samurai have been presented as cool in many modern Japanese movies such as Samurai Fiction, Shamuses,[23] and which was appropriated in American ivies such as Ghost Dog[25] and The Last Samurai[26] In The Art of War, a Chinese military treatise written during t he 6th century BC, general Sun TTS, a member of the landless Chinese aristocracy, wrote in Chapter XII: Profiting by their panic, we shall exterminate them completely; this will cool the Kings courage and cover us with glory, besides ensuring the success of our mission.Proof. Paul Wally considers Tokyo one of the worlds capitals of cool. Asian countries have developed a tradition on their own to explore types of modern cool or ambiguous aesthetics. In a Time Asia article The Birth of Cool author Hannah Beech describes Asian cool as a revolution in taste led by style gurus who are redefining Chinese craftsmanship in everything from architecture and film to clothing and cuisine and as a modern aesthetic inspired both by a Mining-era minimalism and a strenuous attention to detail. 27] Paul Wally, professor of Human Geography at the University of Leeds, considers Tokyo along with New York, London and Paris to be one of the worlds capitals of and the Washington Post called Tokyo Japans Empire of Cool and Japan the coolest nation on Earth. Analysts are marveling at the breadth of a recent explosion in cultural exports, and many argue that the international embrace of Japans pop culture, film, food, style and arts is second only to that of the United States. B usiness leaders and government officials are now referring to Japans gross national cool as a new engine for economic growth and societal buoyancy. 29] The term gross national cool was coined by Journalist Douglas McGraw. In a June/July 2002 article in Foreign Policy magazine,[30] he argued that as Japans economic Juggernaut took a wrong turn into a ten-year slump, and tit military power made impossible by a pacifist constitution, the nation had quietly emerged as a cultural powerhouse: From pop music to consumer electronics, architecture to fashion, and food to art, Japan has far greater cultural influence now than it did in the sass, when it was an economic superpower. [31] The notion of Asian cool applied to Asian consumer electronics is borrowed from the cultural media theorist Eric Mclean who described cool or cold media as stimulating participants to complete additive or visual media content, in sharp contrast to hot Edie that degrades the viewer to a merely passive or non-interactive receiver.Europe Mona Lisa, or La Giaconda (La Cocooned), by Leonardo dad Vinci experimentations, an aristocratic Aristocratic cool, known as supersaturate, has existed in Europe for centuries, particularly when re lating to frank amorality and love or illicit pleasures behind closed doors;[l] Repeals Portrait of Balderdash Castigation and Leonardo dad Vines Mona Lisa are classic examples of supersaturate. [32] The supersaturate of the Mona Lisa is seen in both her smile and the positioning of her hands.

Carl Ritter - German Founder of Modern Geography

Carl Ritter - German Founder of Modern Geography German geographer Carl Ritter is commonly associated with Alexander von Humboldt as one of the founders of modern geography. However, most acknowledge Ritters contributions to the modern discipline to be somewhat less significant than those of von Humboldt, especially as Ritters life-work was based on the observations of others. Childhood and Education Ritter was born on August 7, 1779, in Quedlinburg, Germany (then Prussia), ten years after von Humboldt. At the age of five, Ritter was fortunate to have been chosen as a guinea pig to attend a new experimental school which brought him into contact with some of the greatest thinkers of the period. In his early years, he was tutored by the geographer J.C.F. GutsMuths and learned the relationship between people and their environment. At the age of sixteen, Ritter was able to attend a university by receiving tuition in exchange for tutoring a wealthy bankers sons. Ritter became a geographer by learning to observe the world around him; he also became an expert at sketching landscapes. He learned Greek and Latin so that he could read more about the world. His travels and direct observations were limited to Europe, he was not the world traveler that von Humboldt was. Career In 1804, at the age of 25, Ritters first geographical writings, about the geography of Europe, were published. In 1811 he published a two-volume textbook about the geography of Europe. From 1813 to 1816 Ritter studied geography, history, pedagogy, physics, chemistry, mineralogy, and botany at the University of Gottingen. In 1817, he published the first volume of his major work, Die Erdkunde, or Earth Science (the literal German translation for the word geography.) Intended to be a complete geography of the world, Ritter published 19 volumes, consisting of over 20,000 pages, over the course of his life. Ritter often included theology in his writings for he described that the earth displayed evidence of Gods plan. Unfortunately, he was only able to write about Asia and Africa before he died in 1859 (the same year as von Humboldt). The full, and lengthy, title of Die Erdkunde is translated to The Science of the Earth in Relation to Nature and the History of Mankind; or, General Comparative Geography as the Solid Foundation of the Study of, and Instruction in, the Physical and Historical Sciences. In 1819 Ritter became a professor of history at the University of Frankfurt. The following year, he was appointed to be the first chair of geography in Germany - at the University of Berlin. Though his writings were often obscure and difficult to understand, his lectures were very interesting and quite popular. The halls where he gave lectures were almost always full. While he held many other simultaneous positions throughout his life, such as founding  the Berlin Geographical Society, he continued to work and lecture at the University of Berlin until his death on September 28, 1859, in that city. One of Ritters most famous students and ardent supporters was Arnold Guyot, who became a professor of physical geography and geology at Princeton (then the College of New Jersey) from 1854 to 1880.

Donald Greenbergs achievement in the field of computer graphics(Term Essay - 1

Donald Greenbergs achievement in the field of computer graphics(Term paper ) - Essay Example The term Computer Graphics has numerous values like: Today computers and computer-generated images stroke many features of our every day life. Computer images are found on television, in newspapers, in weather reports, and during surgical dealings. A well-constructed graph can present multifarious information in a form that is easier to understand and understand. Such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, theses, and other presentation material. A range of tools and conveniences are available to facilitate users to visualize their data, and computer graphics are used in many disciplines. (Hill, 2001) As an educational discipline, computer graphics studies the manipulation of visual and geometric information using computational techniques. It focuses on the mathematical and computational foundations of image generation and processing rather than purely aesthetic issues. Computer graphics is often differentiated from the field of visualization, even though the two fields have many similarities. (Xiang ,Plastock, 2000) Charles Csuri is well known for pioneering the field of computer graphics, computer animation and digital fine art, creating the first computer art in 1964. Csuri has been acknowledged as the father of digital art and computer animation by Smithsonian, and as a leading pioneer of computer animation by the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) and The Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group Graphics (ACM-SIGGRAPH). (Lewis, Luciana, 2004) Donald P. Greenberg is an internationally recognized pioneer in computer graphics. Greenberg has written hundreds of piece of writings and served as an educator and adviser to many prominent computer graphic artists and animators. Five previous students have won Academy Awards for Scientific or Technical Achievements, five have won the SIGGRAPH Achievement Award, and many now work for Pixar Animation Studios. In 1991, Greenberg was the

C.S.I. Movie Analysis and Review of Episode 321 FOREVER Essay

C.S.I. Movie Analysis and Review of Episode 321 FOREVER - Essay Example The episode is about a horse that stomps her trainer to death aboard a luxurious personal jet. This horse is then quarantined by a vetenary officer after the jet landed. Things become suspicious when the horse suddenly dies and the vetenary officer disappears (CSI Ep 21.). Conversely, another incident happens where two teenagers have been alleged to commit suicide and their bodies found in the middle of the desert. Detectives from CSI look at this cases separately to determine the truth behind them. The trampling death of the horse trainer is investigated by Grissom, Nick and Catherine. Warrick and Sara look into the two teenagers (Romeo and Juliet) scenario in the desert. Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) is an American crime and drama television series that premiered in 2000. This series follows The Las Vegas Criminalists in which the analysts use the physical evidence to solve murder cases in this unusual graphic drama. CSI has been acknowledged as the most popular dramatic series a nd has been awarded International Television Audience by CBS. It has also been awarded the Best Television Drama Series for the last three years. Most of the episodes in this television series deal with a team of forensic investigators who are trained to solve crimes based on the evidence that has been collected. They are specialized in collecting irrefutable evidence and find the missing pieces of the puzzle to unravel the mystery behind every case. A murder aboard in a deluxe 747 personal jet and the discovery of two formally attired teens found in the desert confound the chief analyst Grissom and his crew in this absorbing episode of CSI. First, a horse trainer is found dead inside the cargo bay of a privately own jet that is carrying 12 well –heeled passengers and a horse worth millions (CSI Ep 21.). At first, it appears that the victim was trampled to death; however Grissom and Catherine uncover evidence that suggest foul play. In a separate incidence, In Hell’s G ate section of Death Valley, CSI analysts Warrick and Sara probe the alleged suicide of a 15 year old boy whose body is found under a bed spread. This investigation becomes more intensified when a girl’s body is discovered half a mile away. This is one of the most memorable episodes in this series; it is not only well written but cleverly plotted. In the first case, Grissom and Catherine are in the quest to determine the cause of death of the horse trainer and the horse itself. Both of them go to the airport to gather pieces of evidence. They found some abnormalities inside the plane that insight them to carry out further investigations (CSI Ep 21.). When the horse dies, after it contracts uterine infection, they take it to the lab to determine the cause. After they perform an autopsy on the horse, they find diamonds inside the uterus. The crew on the plane orchestrated the death of the horse trainer to smuggle the diamonds inside the horse. Grissom says â€Å"uncut diamonds ? The horse is a â€Å"mule†. The horse trainer discovered the abnormalities in the horse and when he tried to help the horse, it stamped on him causing his demise. But, this was not the real story, the vet that was waiting for the horse at the airport knew about the diamonds. The killed the horse trainer because he was going to blow their cover and the diamonds could have been discovered. In the second scenario, a boy is found dead at the dead valley. It is a strange scenario to find a boy dressed in a suit who

Why I want to become a voulunteer at Pomona Valley Hospital Essay

Why I want to become a voulunteer at Pomona Valley Hospital - Essay Example In the future I might be interested in working in this industry. The core values of the organization, CHANGE, are aligned with my perspectives and views in life. All organizations should seek to satisfy the customers due to the fact that customers are the people that provide organizations with revenues. Honor and respect are sound ethical principles that can help a company improve its operations and reputation. It is essential for companies to become accountable for their actions. New ideas are needed to apply innovations within an organization. Excellent enables companies to provide the best possible service to its customers. As a volunteer I plan on upholding the values of Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center. These values make sense to me which is the reason why I intend to abide by the mission and vision of the organization. I hope I get an opportunity to join the PVHMC as a

Driving Forces Of Ecommerce In Banking Sector Information Technology Essay

Driving Forces Of Ecommerce In Banking Sector Information Technology Essay Ecommerce is the abbreviated form of the concept of Electronic Commerce. This concept was initially introduced as an alternate for onsite trading. Selling and purchasing of goods was done using electronic systems like internet. E commerce ha spread world wide with the increasingly use of internet technology. Now the ecommerce has also spread in other business environments like tourism, banking, employment, real estate and teaching. Ecommerce has become a more convenient platform for exchanging goods and services. E commerce has also broadened the sense of global market as people can buy and sale goods and services to or from a person sitting overseas. Ecommerce has helped the consumers in many ways. E commerce provides a better insight about the product and services offered by a company. All the major retailers of the world have entered the business system of ecommerce because of the increasing use of it. In the initial stage of the ecommerce the startup companies captured the market share of well established conventional retailers only by using e commerce system for selling there product. Now the ecommerce has improved the service of each sector which has implemented the idea in their system. Due to ecommerce tourism sector has improved because now people do not have to go to the registration counter to get tickets for some place they can book their tickets online using various ecommerce sites. Banking services have drastically improved after the ecommerce system. Customers do not have to stand in queue for hours for some small things like checking balance, fund transfer etc. Ecommerce has also eased the tasks of HR managers of companies as the websites of most companies now have a career section where the aspirants can view the current openings in the company and apply for the suitable job. HR managers can view job application on the website and contact suitable applicant for further conversation. Many ecommerce sites provide facilities related to real estate business where people can get information about the different lands. Many sites like amazon, ebay, rediff have implemented the ecommerce system in the field of teaching. Study materials, books, journals, magazines etc. are available online and people can buy or subscribe them. Knowledge management system is another form of ecommerce which has improved the knowledge sharing system and has been beneficial for the education system. (Concept: Ecommerce) Banking Ecommerce E commerce in the banking sector is also known as internet banking as various tasks of banks is being done on internet. Banks have enabled electronic services to improve customer services and reduce the work load of the employees. All the normal daily bank jobs can now be done using the banks web portal. Following banking service have been transferred to the ecommerce system of the bank: Financial transactions are now being performed by using the banks online banking system or ecommerce system. These transactional services include presentation and payment of bills, fun transfer from one account to other account, investment facilities, and application for loans can be submitted on the ecommerce system of the bank. Customers can generate the periodic financial statements of their bank account by availing the internet banking facility of the bank. Long queues at the cash counter can be avoided by using the fund transfer facility on the ecommerce system of banks. ATM service is also a form of ecommerce system to transact cash without standing in long queues at the cash counter. Other non transactional services like getting bank statements and checking balance in the account are also being performed on the ecommerce system of banks. (Silvain de munck, 2001) Driving forces of Ecommerce in Banking Sector Following are the three major forces that support the use of ecommerce system in the banking sector: Economic forces: This is one the most important benefits of the ecommerce system in the banking sector. Ecommerce system are economic efficient as the cost of communication is reduced, one time investment in the infrastructure establishment will be cheaper than appointing extra staff to attend more customers, electronic transactions will be faster and more economic and better customer services can be provided on comparatively low cost. Ecommerce system of banks will also enable effective communication between all the branches and a centralized database of customers and their information can be maintained by using ecommerce system in banks. Market forces: Internet banking facilities are proved to be an extra advantage for the marketing of banks. Internet banking provides better and enhanced customer services and support. Internet is he best way of marketing in todayà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s global scenario. Technology forces: Advancement in technology is another major force for implementing ecommerce system in the banking sector. In this competitive era every organization has to walk parallel with the latest tools and technologies otherwise they will loose competitive advantage in the market. There has been much advancement in the internet security which has made the ecommerce a more reliable and secures way of banking. (Silvain de munck, 2001) Conclusion Ecommerce is the technical way of selling and purchasing goods or services. Implementation of ecommerce in each sector has improved the performance and efficiency of that sector. The banking sector has taken huge advantage from the ecommerce or internet banking system. Ecommerce has reduced the pressure of employees of banks and increased the level of customer services. The customers of banks are now happier and satisfied as they are also feeling relaxed with the advanced ecommerce system of banks. Many economic, marketing and technological forces have attracted the banking sector towards the ecommerce system. The current advanced technology has made the ecommerce system a more secure, reliable and easy system for day to day banking tasks.

Sitting Bull Exile to Canada :: American America History

Sitting Bull Exile to Canada Many things influenced Sitting Bull's decision to cross the border into Canada. After Custer's defeat at Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull had to live life in fear. He fought on the defensive for years. Sitting Bull and his followers fled from the onslaught of American howitzers. He then was able to find sanctuary in the White Grandmother's Country, north of the international boundary. "Most of the band drifted back in the next few years; Sitting Bull himself was to return in 1881 to end his exile" (Andrist 298)). They faced unknown obstacles, and challenges, all for a chance to live the way they wanted to. When times were bad they looked to the Canadians for assistance. When they could not help Sitting Bull struggle ended and asylum. Canada was no longer an option for Sitting Bulls starving people. For Sitting Bull and his people "the winter of 1876-77 was a winter of despair. "Soldiers occupied the hunting grounds and kept the war going even when the snow fell and the temperature plunged"(Utley 174). Sitting Bulls options for the survival his people were being held in the hands of the soldiers surrounding his winter encampment. Who could at any time " burst into their village, shoot down the people, and destroy their homes and food supplies"(Utley 174). Sitting Bull disliked the alternative of an unconditional surrender, which was out of the question. This surrender would have cost Sitting Bull and his people their guns, and horses. This was unreasonable for people who relied on these valuable tools in almost every aspect in their lives. In April of 1877 the Miniconjoous, Sans Arcs, Hunkpaps, and others of equal prominence conviened a council at Beaver Creek. Spotted Eagle and Sitting Bull would make speeches advocating continuing the war against the white man. They would eventually realize them necessity to act in the best interest of the people. Sitting Bull stood firm in his way of life, as a hunter. Around this time Crazy Horse made his decision to surrender. On May 6, Crazy horse surrendered at the Red Cloud agency in Robinson Nebraska. The group which consisted of 889 people, surrendered "12,00 ponies and 117 arms"(Utley182). Sitting Bull faced new uncertainty in Canada. He had traveled to this country before "following Buffalo or seeking Slotas to trade with" (Utley184). He also knew from experience the contrast between the Grandmother (Canada) and the Great Father of the United States.